Moisej J. Ginzburg, Ignatij F. Milinis: Narkomfin, Moscow 1928–1930

Der sechste Band der O'Neil Ford Monograph-Reihe, herausgegeben vom Center for American Architecture and Design (CAAD) und dem O'Neil Ford Chair in Architecture an der University of Texas at Austin. Jede dieser Monografien in englischer Sprache analysiert ein wichtiges Bauwerk moderner Architektur in fundierten Essays und an Hand von zahlreichen Fotos, Originalskizzen und Plänen. Die schön aufgemachten Bände ermöglichen so dem Leser ein ausgesprochen detailliertes Studium ausgesuchter architektonischer Werke. The House of the Narkomfin was built, or better, "Montage" – as the Constructivist Moisej J. Ginzburg (1896–1946) preferred to call it – between 1928 and 1931. It is therefore contemporaneous with Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye, as well as with Le Corbusier’s visit to Moscow. On a superficial level, they both share a common aesthetic that in France was nicknamed "le style paquebot," while the Narkomfin was soon called the "The Steamer," or even the "Agit-Steamer" in a symbolic reference to the boats of the Agit-Prop movement that carried the message of the Revolution along the rivers of the Soviet Union. On a deeper level, the Narkomfin is more than a housing block with a recognizable style. It is the converging point of the history of Constructivism. It is the most sophisticated expression of a "social condenser," in Ginzburg’s words, where purposefully reassembled functional spaces are given an active role in transforming everyday social life. Echoing the Russian Formalist method of analytic editing, like the cinematic "montage of attractions" – to use Eisenstein’s expression – it stems from reconfigured semantic series of the notion of traditional abode, intended to transform everyday life – the "byt." In this sense, the Narkomfin – a building without precedent – is more than a symbol; it is, in a nutshell, the very program of Constructivism. It is also the zenith of five years of intensive experimentation under Soviet Russian government sponsorship, from 1926 and 1930, with new ways of dwelling, boasting emancipatory social relationships for women in particular. Intended for the working class, these industrialized dwelling types sought ways to raise numbers without sacrificing quality. Widely transcending the confines of Soviet architectural practice itself, the Narkomfin anticipated by twenty years Le Corbusier's own experimental housing block in Marseille, which resulted directly from his visit to Moscow in 1928. The Narkomfin was also the last building Ginzburg’s Society of Contemporary Architects (OSA) built with its team of brilliant young professionals, trained at the VHUTEMAS (the Soviet ‘BAUHAUS’), Mihail Baršc in the first place. The 1930 Bolshevik Central Committee decree condemned the experimentation as "phantasies that would alienate people from the very idea of Socialism." The effort was now seen, under Stalin’s "Revolution from above," as diverting resources from the main goal of the 1928 Five-Year-Plan, aimed exclusively at rapid industrialization of the country. "Temporary" wooden barracks, lacking essential living amenities, supplanted in a permanent way OSA’s innovative drive for affordable ways to raise the living standards of all, eliminating in the first the plague of shared apartments. Ginzburg’s resistance to the new trend, known as Socialist Realism, resulted however as late as 1938, in a sanatorium at Kislovodsk (the Caucasus) with front façades designed in the "Novecento" style to elude censorship. Hidden behind the sanatorium’s main façades – the only likely to be photographed – were tangible quotations of Le Corbusier’s, Mies van der Rohe’s, and Gropius’ architecture, including fragments of his own Narkomfin.